Journal archive · Septum, valve and airway · Open versus closed approach · Cleft, trauma and reconstruction · Outcomes, satisfaction and psychology · 2021
Outcomes of Endonasal Septoplasty and Extracorporeal Septal Reconstruction in Anterocaudal Septal Deviation
Tian Q, Chu T, Sun H, Pang M.
In the archive as a landmark paper: the core sweep runs 2011–2026, and this one is here because the history of rhinoplasty rests on it · cited on extracorporeal septoplasty.
From the abstract
“The aim of this study was to compare the functional and aesthetic outcomes of endonasal septoplasty (ES) and extracorporeal septal reconstruction (ESR) in anterocaudal septal deviation. Methods: In this study, patients (n = 46) who underwent nasal septoplasty surgery due to anterocaudal septal deviation during…”
Excerpt; the full abstract is on PubMed.
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What the rhinoplasty literature says on this paper's topics, cited line by line to PubMed.
Septum, valve and airway
Every rhinoplasty is a breathing operation whether it intends to be or not: the septum holds the nose up as well as dividing it, and the narrowest part of the whole airway is the internal valve the surgeon is standing over.
Open versus closed approach
Whether the surgeon opens the nose through a small incision across the columella or works entirely through the nostrils has been argued in print since 1973, was put on facing pages of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery by Jack Gunter and Jack Sheen in 1997, and was finally pooled in 2025: across twenty studies and 1,067 patients there is no significant difference in what patients report, in breathing, in complications or in swelling.
Cleft, trauma and reconstruction
A cleft nose is a sequence spread across a childhood: a repair at three months, sometimes a second at five or six, and a definitive rhinoplasty once the face has finished growing.
Outcomes, satisfaction and psychology
Rhinoplasty is measured with ten different questionnaires, none of which covers both the way the nose looks and the way it breathes, and the best-developed one has no airway questions at all.
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