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Cartilage grafts and where they come from

Modern rhinoplasty builds rather than removes, so the operation runs on cartilage: the septum first, then the ear, then the rib, and when none of those will do, a piece of donated rib from a tissue bank. The published complication rates for all of these are low and similar; what separates them is warping, a chest scar, an hour of operating time, and how the donated cartilage was processed, which turns out to matter more than whether it was donated at all.

Where these 242 papers were published

  • 66Aesthetic Plastic SurgeryAesthetic Plast Surg
  • 63Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryPlast Reconstr Surg
  • 31Aesthetic Surgery JournalAesthet Surg J
  • 21Facial Plastic SurgeryFacial Plast Surg
  • 20JAMA Facial Plastic SurgeryJAMA Facial Plast Surg
  • 17Facial Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic MedicineFacial Plast Surg Aesthet Med
  • 17Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global OpenPlast Reconstr Surg Glob Open
  • 4Archives of Facial Plastic SurgeryArch Facial Plast Surg
  • 2Clinics in Plastic SurgeryClin Plast Surg
  • 1Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North AmericaFacial Plast Surg Clin North Am

107 further papers on this topic came in through the history rather than the archive query: Sheen JH 1984, Guyuron B 1994, Watanabe T 1996, Adham MN 1996 and 103 more. They are counted on the landmark papers, not here.

What repeats

Six findings reported by independent groups in different countries. Each card carries the papers it rests on.

Rib works, and warping is its price

Three separate meta-analyses of autologous costal cartilage agree closely. Warping runs 3.0% to 3.1%, resorption 0.2% to 1.2%, infection 0.6% to 1.5%, displacement 0.4% to 0.6%. Donor-site problems are dominated by the chest scar (2.1% to 5.5% hypertrophic scarring) with pneumothorax at or near zero across 491 to 1,648 pooled patients. The revision figures differ by what is counted, 2.25% in one pooled analysis, 14.07% in another, but the direction is consistent: rib is safe, and the thing that goes wrong with it is that it bends.

Rests on: Chen et al., 20 studies and 1,648 patients · Wee et al., meta-analysis of 491 patients · Varadharajan et al., 21 studies.

The processing decides the risk of donated rib

Seven studies and 1,184 patients, stratified by how the cadaveric cartilage was prepared: infection rates were the same as autologous overall, alcohol-preserved grafts warped significantly less (risk ratio 0.106), and the excess resorption risk was carried entirely by the irradiated subgroup (risk ratio 4.595), with fresh-frozen and alcohol-preserved no different from the patient's own rib. Operating time fell by 66 minutes. That is the case for reading the label: a survey of 41 tissue banks found 12 distinct proprietary processing protocols, gamma irradiation in 63.6% of them, and no standard.

Rests on: Wael Moftah et al., stratified meta-analysis · Vasudev et al., allograft processing and user patterns.

The single-practice series disagree with each other about donated rib

In 282 fresh-frozen cases from one American practice, no patient showed warping, resorption or displacement, and 2.1% needed antibiotics. In 123 cases from another, infection was 2.4% and resorption 0.8%. In 143 patients compared head to head, autologous and irradiated homologous rib had the same revision rate (14.8% against 14.6%) and the same infection rate, with shorter operating time for the donated graft. But in 259 functional rhinoplasties, cadaveric rib carried four-fold higher odds of revision than autologous, 12.1% against 4.0%. Different practices, different processing, different case mixes; no randomised comparison exists.

Rests on: Hanna et al., 282 fresh-frozen cases · Taylor and Barrera, 123 cases · Drake et al., autologous against irradiated · Upton et al., graft source in functional cases.

Dicing the cartilage removes the warping problem and adds an irregularity problem

Fourteen studies and 2,380 patients using diced cartilage for the dorsum: 11.5% overall complications, 5.3% revision, 4.5% infection, 5.3% visible irregularity, 0.7% overcorrection and 0.5% absorption. With no significant difference between wrapping it in fascia, gluing it, or placing it free. A separate review of 4,044 free diced-cartilage patients found reoperation in 1.51%, infection in 0.06% and partial resorption in 0.67%. Diced cartilage cannot warp because it has no shape of its own; what it does instead is show through as small irregularities.

Rests on: Li et al., 2,380 patients · Ledo et al., 4,044 free diced-cartilage patients.

The tip is held by a graft fixed to the septum, whatever it is made of

Across the graft literature the same structural conclusion recurs: a graft fixed to the septum holds projection and rotation, a graft floating between the medial crura does not. At one year, projection loss was 0.2% with a septal extension graft against 4.7% with a columellar strut, and pooled data from eight studies favour the extension graft on long-term rotation. Every one of 30 primary rhinoplasties that needed rib for tip shaping in a 638-case American practice also received a septal extension graft.

Rests on: Bellamy and Rohrich, 77 primaries · Ozgenc et al., meta-analysis · Novak et al., rib in primary rhinoplasty.

The middle vault can be rebuilt with a graft or with the patient's own folded cartilage, and it does not matter which

Fifty-two studies qualitatively and 17 pooled for obstruction scores: spreader grafts and autospreader flaps produced the same change in breathing, and neither differed from no graft at all in the pooled comparison. A separate meta-analysis of ten studies and 567 patients found no difference in dorsal aesthetic lines, valve angle, obstruction score or rhinomanometry, the graft ahead only on satisfaction. What matters is that the vault is supported, not what supports it.

Rests on: Buba et al., 52 studies · Keyhan et al., graft against flap · Apaydin, a classification of spreader flaps and grafts.

By source

Where the cartilage comes from, in the order surgeons reach for it.

The septum

First choice: it is already exposed, it is straight, and it costs no extra incision. It runs out in revision, in thick-skinned noses needing large grafts, and in patients whose septum was harvested in a previous operation. When it is short, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid can be split off as bone battens and combined with ear cartilage into a composite extension graft, 25 patients, measurably stiffer tips at a mean 26 months.

Key papers: Wang et al., a septal-ethmoid-auricular complex · Ueno et al., septal graft in cleft primaries at ten years.

The ear

Conchal cartilage is curved, springy and limited in volume, good for rim and alar support, camouflage and composite grafts, less good for a straight dorsum. Composite grafts of ear skin and cartilage take reliably: 367 grafts in 234 rhinoplasties with 93.7% full take and a 6.3% failure rate; 45 alar-ring reconstructions with no graft failures at all, including in patients with previous skin necrosis; and 43 contracted noses relined with conchal composite grafts alongside rib. Where more volume is needed from the same incision, triangular fossa cartilage can be taken with the concha without visible ear deformity.

Key papers: Toriumi et al., 367 auricular composite grafts · Sazgar et al., alar nostril ring correction · Kim and Choi, composite grafts for the contracted nose · Huang et al., triangular fossa cartilage · Gu et al., auricular-only closed rhinoplasty in 63 patients.

The patient's own rib

The largest source, and the one that makes a big reconstruction possible. Its costs are a chest incision, an operating hour and warping. Warping is managed by carving from balanced cross-sections, by dicing, by layering, or by design, an X-shaped split tip graft held its position in 45 patients, and an incompletely removed hump underneath has been identified as an external cause of a graft bending after implantation.

Key papers: Chen et al. · Wu et al., the X-shaped tip graft · Xu et al., causes of warping.

Donated rib from a tissue bank

Fresh-frozen, irradiated or alcohol-preserved cadaveric costal cartilage. No chest scar, an hour saved, immediate availability, and outcomes that depend on the processing: irradiation is associated with resorption, alcohol preservation with less warping, fresh-frozen with results close to autologous. Surgeons say one thing and do another, most respondents to an international survey favoured fresh-frozen allograft in principle while 74.6% reported using only the patient's own rib.

Key papers: Wael Moftah et al. · Vasudev et al. · Hanna et al. · Drake et al..

Fascia, fat and soft tissue

Not structure, camouflage. Mastoid fascia over the tip in 193 patients gave 3.1% revision and 3.1% extended antibiotics, and is used where a cartilage graft would show through thin skin. Temporal or rectus fascia wraps diced cartilage. Autologous fat injected into the nose satisfies about 81% of patients across 11 studies and 849 patients, but retains under 50% at six months, and at least 19% come back for another injection within a year.

Key papers: Tugertimur et al., mastoid fascia in 193 patients · Zeng and Tang, fat injection reviewed · Ok and Duran, dual-plane diced cartilage.

Where each graft goes

Dorsum: diced cartilage, layered constructions, or a solid graft. Midvault: spreader grafts, spreader flaps, autospreaders, classified into traditional, modified, splinting and reconstructive. Tip: septal extension graft, columellar strut, shield and cap grafts, fascia for camouflage. Ala and rim: lateral crural strut grafts, alar contour grafts and the extended alar contour graft that combines them. Alar base: diced or block cartilage, with the review calling diced more malleable and better long-term and block easier to place with less displacement.

Key papers: Apaydin · Cochran and Sieber, extended alar contour grafts · Kook et al., lateral crural strut grafts · Xiang et al., alar base depression.

The terms, defined

Every term the papers above use to mean something specific, in plain language.

  • Autologous, homologous, alloplastic: the patient's own tissue; another human's, from a tissue bank; and a manufactured implant. This topic is about the first two. [42681592]
  • Costal cartilage: rib cartilage, taken from the patient's own chest or supplied by a tissue bank. The largest available source of graft material. [36071242]
  • Fresh-frozen, irradiated, alcohol-preserved: the three main preparations of donated rib. Irradiation is associated with more resorption, alcohol preservation with less warping, fresh-frozen with outcomes close to autologous. [42681592, 42464436]
  • Warping: a carved cartilage graft bending after implantation, from its own internal stresses or from something underneath it. The commonest complication of solid rib. [36071242, 36656674]
  • Resorption: the graft being absorbed by the body over months to years, so the shape it created flattens. [25429595, 42681592]
  • Diced cartilage: cartilage cut into 0.5–1 mm pieces, placed free, glued, or wrapped in fascia. It cannot warp; it can show as irregularity. [34357798, 32886948]
  • Diced cartilage in fascia (DCF) and the Turkish delight: the wrapped versions, using temporal or rectus fascia (or, historically, Surgicel). [34357798, 40493956]
  • Composite graft: skin and cartilage taken together, usually from the ear, to replace lining as well as structure, the only way to lengthen a nose whose inside lining is short. [36657035, 38739901]
  • Conchal and triangular fossa cartilage: the bowl of the ear and the hollow above it; the second can be harvested through the same incision when more volume is needed. [41335126]
  • Septal extension graft: a graft fixed to the caudal septum that the tip is set onto. Holds projection and rotation where a floating strut does not. [36728586, 40854551]
  • Columellar strut: a batten between the medial crura, not fixed to the septum. Loses about 4.7% of projection and 5 degrees of rotation at a year. [36728586]
  • Spreader graft, spreader flap, autospreader: cartilage placed between septum and upper lateral cartilage, or the cartilage folded inward, to hold the internal valve open after a hump is removed. [34864854, 35031825, 28033640]
  • Lateral crural strut graft: a strip under the lateral crus to straighten, stiffen and reposition it. [40920505, 28953723]
  • Alar contour graft (rim graft): a thin strip along the nostril rim; combined with the lateral crural strut as the extended alar contour graft. [28953723]
  • Mastoid, temporal and rectus fascia: sheets of connective tissue used to camouflage graft edges or to wrap diced cartilage. [39026388, 40493956]
  • Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid: the bony part of the septum, used as a batten graft when cartilage is short. [35786707]
  • Donor-site morbidity: what the harvest costs: a chest scar, pain, rarely a pleural tear or pneumothorax; for the ear, a change in contour. [25429595, 41335126]
  • Graft take (engraftment): the proportion of a composite graft that survives; 93.7% full take across 367 auricular composite grafts. [36657035, 38739901]

The papers this rests on

The 39 papers everything above was written from. Every one links to its abstract, its authors and its DOI.

  1. FPS
    2026PMID 40854551Summary
  2. FPSAM
    2026PMID 42681592Summary
  3. APS
    2025PMID 39751904Summary
  4. APS
    2024PMID 38609657Summary
  5. APS
    2023PMID 36071242Summary
  6. ASJ
    2022PMID 34864854Summary
  7. APS
    2022PMID 35031825Summary
  8. FPSAM
    2022PMID 34357798Summary
  9. ASJ
    2021PMID 33492387
  10. FPS
    2021PMID 32886948Summary
  11. ASJ
    2020PMID 31675056
  12. PRS
    2017PMID 28953723Summary
  13. FPS
    2016PMID 28033640Summary
  14. ASJ
    2015PMID 26229125Summary
  15. JAMA FPS
    2015PMID 25429595Summary
  16. PRS
    2024PMID 37815290Summary
  17. PRS
    2026PMID 40674713Summary
  18. FPSAM
    2025PMID 40147429Summary
  19. FPSAM
    2024PMID 38502836Summary
  20. FPSAM
    2026PMID 42464436Summary
  21. PRS
    2024PMID 37307054Summary
  22. PRS
    2023PMID 36728586Summary
  23. FPSAM
    2024PMID 39187271Summary
  24. ASJ
    2023PMID 35786707Summary
  25. ASJ
    2023PMID 35748855Summary
  26. ASJ
    2023PMID 36656674Summary
  27. FPSAM
    Auricular Composite Graft Survival in Rhinoplasty
    Toriumi DM, Kao R, Vandenberg T et al.
    2023PMID 36657035Summary
  28. ASJ
    2025PMID 39676167Summary
  29. PRS
    2025PMID 38739901Summary
  30. ASJ
    2026PMID 41411306Summary
  31. PRS
    2025PMID 41335126Summary
  32. PRS
    2025PMID 40493956Summary
  33. PRS
    2025PMID 39026388Summary
  34. ASJ
    2026PMID 42415377Summary
  35. PRS
    2025PMID 40327831Summary
  36. ASJ
    2024PMID 38366551Summary
  37. PRS
    2026PMID 40920505Summary
  38. PRS
    2026PMID 41100821Summary
  39. PRS
    2026PMID 42153758Summary

What is still contested

  • Autologous against donated rib is unresolved. One 143-patient comparison found them equivalent, a 259-patient functional cohort found four-fold higher revision odds with cadaveric rib, and a stratified meta-analysis says the answer depends on the processing rather than the source. No randomised trial exists. [38502836, 40147429, 42681592]
  • Processing is not standardised: 12 proprietary protocols across 41 tissue banks, with gamma irradiation in 63.6%, and outcome studies rarely state which was used. [42464436]
  • Reported revision rates after autologous rib range from 2.25% to 14.07% in pooled analyses of overlapping literatures, because "revision" is defined differently in each. [36071242, 25429595]
  • Diced cartilage packing methods (wrapped, glued, free) were not distinguishable by irregularity or revision rate, so the argument between them rests on preference. [34357798]
  • Spreader grafts and autospreaders performed identically, and neither separated from no graft at all in the pooled obstruction data, which is either evidence that support is not needed in selected patients or evidence that the outcome measure is too coarse. [35031825]
  • Fat injection has 81% satisfaction and under 50% retention. Nothing on file follows it past a year. [39751904]
  • Almost every technique paper here is a single surgeon's consecutive series at Level IV, and the meta-analyses pool them.

Written by rhinoplasty.cc from the PubMed abstracts, 2026-09-09. Not medical advice.

Related topics

Every paper, by year

242 papers. The 39 above are not repeated.

202629 papers · 9 above
  1. APS
    PMID 41857160Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 41813990Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 42329439Summary
  4. APS
    PMID 41225218
  5. APS
    PMID 42045684Summary
  6. APS
    PMID 41345307Summary
  7. APS
    PMID 41629470Summary
  8. APS
    PMID 42547599Summary
  9. APS
    PMID 40790386Summary
  10. FPS
    PMID 42580758Summary
  11. FPS
    PMID 41145129Summary
  12. FPS
    PMID 41265885Summary
  13. FPSAM
    PMID 42163429
  14. FPSAM
    PMID 40100947
  15. FPSAM
    PMID 40100960
  16. FPSAM
    PMID 42163431
  17. FPSAM
    PMID 42493871
  18. FPSAM
    PMID 42605008
  19. PRS
    PMID 42685067
  20. PRS-GO
    PMID 42376269Summary
202518 papers · 8 above
  1. APS
    PMID 40195133Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 37962627
  3. APS
    PMID 37831159
  4. APS
    PMID 39325086Summary
  5. APS
    PMID 39433615Summary
  6. FPS
    PMID 38547925Summary
  7. PRS
    PMID 41148158
  8. PRS
    PMID 39999232
  9. PRS-GO
    PMID 40765688Full text
  10. PRS-GO
    PMID 40212098Summary
202418 papers · 6 above
  1. APS
    PMID 37610518Full text
  2. APS
    Diced Cartilage Techniques in Rhinoplasty
    Pensato R, Al-Amer R, La Padula S
    PMID 37605030Full text
  3. APS
    PMID 38858246Summary
  4. APS
    PMID 38233685Summary
  5. APS
    PMID 37626136Summary
  6. APS
    PMID 37567945Summary
  7. FPSAM
    PMID 38502837Summary
  8. FPS Clin
    The Use of Costal Cartilage in Rhinoplasty
    Fedok FG, Lee Peng G, Tastan E et al.
    PMID 39341674Summary
  9. PRS-GO
    PMID 39036598Summary
  10. PRS-GO
    PMID 39444535Summary
  11. PRS-GO
    PMID 38957724Summary
  12. PRS-GO
    PMID 39703382Summary
202327 papers · 6 above
  1. ASJ
    PMID 36793242
  2. ASJ
    PMID 36004498
  3. ASJ
    PMID 37289986Summary
  4. ASJ
    PMID 37200406Summary
  5. APS
    PMID 35606536Summary
  6. APS
    PMID 37640816Summary
  7. APS
    PMID 35794245
  8. APS
    PMID 36510019
  9. APS
    PMID 36071240Summary
  10. APS
    PMID 36510020Full text
  11. APS
    PMID 36042025Summary
  12. APS
    PMID 36544049Summary
  13. FPS
    PMID 36696918Summary
  14. FPS
    PMID 36100245Summary
  15. FPS
    PMID 36100254Summary
  16. FPSAM
    PMID 36946885Summary
  17. PRS
    PMID 36877627Summary
  18. PRS
    PMID 36940157Summary
  19. PRS
    PMID 36730568Summary
  20. PRS
    PMID 36729933Summary
  21. PRS-GO
    PMID 37799442Summary
202223 papers · 3 above
  1. APS
    PMID 34595596Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 34731262Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 35412066
  4. APS
    PMID 34231023
  5. APS
    PMID 34254162
  6. APS
    PMID 35059814Summary
  7. APS
    The Use of Autologous and Cadaveric Grafts in Rhinoplasty: A Survey Study
    Starr NC, Zachary Porterfield J, Harryman C et al.
    PMID 35043249Summary
  8. FPSAM
    PMID 34494891Summary
  9. PRS
    PMID 35877941Summary
  10. PRS
    PMID 35511072Summary
  11. PRS
    PMID 35077410Summary
  12. PRS
    PMID 36041000Summary
  13. PRS
    PMID 35816080
  14. PRS
    PMID 35446798
  15. PRS
    PMID 34936638
  16. PRS
    PMID 35816083
  17. PRS
    PMID 35446823
  18. PRS
    PMID 34855703
  19. PRS-GO
    PMID 36148029Summary
  20. PRS-GO
    PMID 36148028Summary
202121 papers · 2 above
  1. ASJ
    PMID 31605604
  2. APS
    PMID 33432387Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 32322931Summary
  4. APS
    PMID 32914325Summary
  5. APS
    PMID 33432390Summary
  6. APS
    PMID 32926185
  7. APS
    PMID 33855581Full text
  8. APS
    PMID 33834294
  9. APS
    PMID 33758974Summary
  10. APS
    PMID 33683385Summary
  11. FPS
    PMID 33556970Summary
  12. FPSAM
    PMID 32522045Summary
  13. PRS
    PMID 34644278Summary
  14. PRS
    PMID 33764912
  15. PRS
    PMID 33370059Summary
  16. PRS
    PMID 33710070Summary
  17. PRS
    PMID 33620926Summary
  18. PRS
    PMID 34495909
  19. PRS-GO
    PMID 33868871Summary
202016 papers · 1 above
  1. ASJ
    PMID 31960891Summary
  2. ASJ
    PMID 31957807Summary
  3. ASJ
    PMID 32304572
  4. ASJ
    PMID 31886850
  5. ASJ
    PMID 30868159Summary
  6. APS
    PMID 32936331
  7. APS
    PMID 31834523Summary
  8. APS
    PMID 31897626
  9. FPS
    PMID 33368077Summary
  10. PRS
    PMID 32459773Summary
  11. PRS
    PMID 32097325Summary
  12. PRS
    PMID 32858658
  13. PRS
    PMID 33235006
  14. PRS-GO
    PMID 33154868Summary
  15. PRS-GO
    PMID 32983802Summary
20198 papers
  1. ASJ
    PMID 30380010Summary
  2. ASJ
    PMID 31329818Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 30868305Summary
  4. FPS
    PMID 30388718Summary
  5. FPS
    PMID 30759459Summary
  6. FPS
    PMID 31307095Summary
  7. FPS
    PMID 31639871Summary
  8. PRS-GO
    PMID 30859027Summary
201811 papers
  1. APS
    PMID 29124376Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 29380021
  3. APS
    PMID 29392358
  4. JAMA FPS
    PMID 28975239Summary
  5. JAMA FPS
    PMID 29931142
  6. JAMA FPS
    PMID 29931211
  7. PRS
    PMID 29608514
  8. PRS
    PMID 28953561
  9. PRS
    PMID 29608516
  10. PRS
    PMID 28938353
  11. PRS-GO
    PMID 29707440Summary
201718 papers · 1 above
  1. ASJ
    PMID 28364535
  2. ASJ
    PMID 28364534Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 28032151Summary
  4. APS
    PMID 28341947Summary
  5. FPS
    PMID 28753714
  6. FPS
    PMID 29195250Summary
  7. JAMA FPS
    PMID 28334327Summary
  8. JAMA FPS
    PMID 28334413
  9. JAMA FPS
    PMID 28837735
  10. JAMA FPS
    PMID 28837708
  11. PRS
    PMID 28841603
  12. PRS
    PMID 28445370
  13. PRS
    PMID 28574946Summary
  14. PRS
    PMID 29068924Summary
  15. PRS
    PMID 28820829
  16. PRS
    PMID 28098711Summary
  17. PRS
    PMID 28820828
201613 papers · 1 above
  1. ASJ
    PMID 27277274Summary
  2. ASJ
    PMID 27535924
  3. ASJ
    PMID 27095313Full text
  4. ASJ
    PMID 26764261Summary
  5. CPS
    PMID 26616708Summary
  6. CPS
    PMID 26616707Summary
  7. FPS
    PMID 26862961Summary
  8. JAMA FPS
    PMID 27197121
  9. JAMA FPS
    PMID 26868130Summary
  10. JAMA FPS
    PMID 26892673Summary
  11. PRS-GO
    PMID 27536492Summary
  12. PRS-GO
    PMID 27482502Summary
201512 papers · 2 above
  1. JAMA FPS
    PMID 25633160
  2. JAMA FPS
    PMID 25996279
  3. JAMA FPS
    PMID 25996277
  4. JAMA FPS
    PMID 26432958
  5. JAMA FPS
    PMID 25978561
  6. PRS
    PMID 26186345
  7. PRS
    PMID 26186343
  8. PRS
    PMID 25811564Summary
  9. PRS
    PMID 25724050
  10. PRS
    PMID 25724060Summary
20147 papers
  1. APS
    PMID 25028110
  2. APS
    PMID 24879039Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 24788856Summary
  4. APS
    PMID 25303879Summary
  5. JAMA FPS
    PMID 24435115
  6. JAMA FPS
    PMID 24435114
  7. PRS
    PMID 24776545Summary
20138 papers
  1. ASJ
    PMID 23855009Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 23708246Summary
  3. APS
    PMID 23519873Summary
  4. FPS
    Rhinoplasty using autologous costal cartilage
    Miranda N, Larocca CG, Aponte C
    PMID 23761122Summary
  5. FPS
    PMID 24327251Summary
  6. JAMA FPS
    PMID 23765037Summary
  7. JAMA FPS
    PMID 23450340Summary
  8. PRS
    PMID 23271538
20128 papers
  1. ASJ
    PMID 22942110Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 22890858Summary
  3. Arch FPS
    PMID 22801761Summary
  4. Arch FPS
    PMID 23165907
  5. PRS
    PMID 23190818
  6. PRS
    PMID 23018701Summary
  7. PRS
    PMID 22186526Summary
  8. PRS
    PMID 23190817Summary
20115 papers
  1. APS
    PMID 21487909Summary
  2. APS
    PMID 21638166
  3. Arch FPS
    PMID 21079106Summary
  4. Arch FPS
    PMID 21576664
  5. PRS
    PMID 21788803