Journal archive · Revision and secondary rhinoplasty · Rib, ear and septal grafts · Septum, valve and airway · Outcomes, satisfaction and psychology · 2026
Surgical and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Fresh Frozen Homologous Costal Cartilage in Primary, Revision, and Functional Rhinoplasty
Taylor CM, Barrera JE.
What this paper says
In 123 rhinoplasties by one surgeon using fresh-frozen donor rib cartilage, infection occurred in 2.4% and resorption in 0.8%, with significant improvement in every patient-reported breathing, sleep and appearance score.
Overview
Structural rhinoplasty needs cartilage, and where the patient's septum and ears are insufficient the choice is the patient's own rib or a donor's. Barrera reviewed 123 cases in his practice using fresh-frozen homologous costal cartilage (FFHCC) across cosmetic, revision and functional indications, recording complications and patient-reported outcome measures at last follow-up.
Sections of note
- Mean follow-up 11.0 months (range 1 to 44).
- Infection in 3 patients (2.4%); resorption in 1 (0.8%).
- NOSE improved by a mean of 7.9 points; SNOT-22 by 18.9; Epworth Sleepiness Scale by 4.8 (all P < 0.001).
- SCHNOS total improved by 13.5, functional by 5.1, cosmetic by 8.2 (all P < 0.001).
- The authors describe FFHCC as "a convenient and economical off-the-shelf solution."
What it means for a patient
- Donor rib cartilage avoided a chest incision and, in this series, had low infection and resorption rates.
- Breathing, sinus symptoms and daytime sleepiness all improved, suggesting many cases were functional.
- Follow-up averaged under a year, and resorption can appear later.
Why this paper matters
It is a mid-sized single-surgeon series supporting fresh-frozen (non-irradiated) donor cartilage. Limits: retrospective, one surgeon, no autologous comparison group, short and variable follow-up.
Terms
- Fresh-frozen homologous costal cartilage (FFHCC): donor rib cartilage preserved by freezing rather than irradiation.
- Resorption: loss of graft volume as the body absorbs it.
- Epworth Sleepiness Scale: a questionnaire on daytime sleepiness, often used in sleep-disordered breathing.
- SNOT-22: a 22-item sinus and nasal symptom score.
- Patient-reported outcome measure (PROM): a validated questionnaire completed by the patient.
Summary written by rhinoplasty.cc from the abstract, 2026-09-08; not medical advice. The authors' own abstract follows. All 1,262 summaries.
From the abstract
“Modern techniques in structure rhinoplasty require cartilage for grafting. The optimal source of this cartilage is debated. Fresh frozen homologous costal cartilage (FFHCC) grafts are a promising source of cartilage; further investigation is needed into efficacy and safety. The purpose of this article is to review an…”
Excerpt; the full abstract is on PubMed.
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What the rhinoplasty literature says on this paper's topics, cited line by line to PubMed.
Revision and secondary rhinoplasty
Between 5% and 15% of rhinoplasties are done again, and the published series say the second operation is a different problem from the first: the cartilage is gone, the skin is scarred and less able to survive, and the airway is usually part of the complaint.
Rib, ear and septal grafts
Modern rhinoplasty builds rather than removes, so the operation runs on cartilage: the septum first, then the ear, then the rib, and when none of those will do, a piece of donated rib from a tissue bank.
Septum, valve and airway
Every rhinoplasty is a breathing operation whether it intends to be or not: the septum holds the nose up as well as dividing it, and the narrowest part of the whole airway is the internal valve the surgeon is standing over.
Outcomes, satisfaction and psychology
Rhinoplasty is measured with ten different questionnaires, none of which covers both the way the nose looks and the way it breathes, and the best-developed one has no airway questions at all.
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