Journal archive · Septum, valve and airway · Anatomy and nasal analysis · 2025
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nasal Valves
Liu DH, Chen H, Wong BJ.
In the archive as a landmark paper: the core sweep runs 2011–2026, and this one is here because the history of rhinoplasty rests on it · cited on internal nasal valve, middle vault.
From the abstract
“The nasal valves are not simple, 2-dimensional cross-sections but rather a complex, 3-dimensional, collapsible, and heterogeneous structure. Historically, the internal nasal valve (INV) is defined by the septum medially, the caudal margin of the upper lateral cartilage laterally, and the inferior turbinate inferiorly.…”
Excerpt; the full abstract is on PubMed.
Citation
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What the rhinoplasty literature says on this paper's topics, cited line by line to PubMed.
Septum, valve and airway
Every rhinoplasty is a breathing operation whether it intends to be or not: the septum holds the nose up as well as dividing it, and the narrowest part of the whole airway is the internal valve the surgeon is standing over.
Anatomy and nasal analysis
Before any technique is chosen, the nose has to be read: the bone measured, the cartilage counted, the skin assessed, and the result the patient wants agreed on a photograph that is not yet true.
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